HMPV : What To Know

In 2001, researcher van den Hoogen et al. first reported the discovery of Human Metapneumovirus (also known as HMPV) in the Netherlands. However, it was later found that the virus had been circulating the globe since about 1951, 50 years before its official discovery. Since its emergence, the virus has become widely recognized, yet only a few cases have been diagnosed. HMPV is raising global concerns, with new cases reported in China. But what is this virus, and why is it gaining attention now? 

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) Particles

The Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that targets the upper respiratory tract, including the nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box). The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets, much like the flu or COVID-19, and its resurgence in China has prompted health authorities to issue warnings. hMPV predominantly affects individuals, particularly children under the age of 5, who in China tend to acquire hMPV at least twice. Elderly individuals over 65 are also at higher risk, along with those with weakened immune systems, such as people undergoing treatments like chemotherapy or those with chronic conditions. 

Symptoms of Human Metapneumovirus resemble those of common colds or mild flu, such as sore throats, persistent coughs, fevers, and nasal congestion (stuffy nose). This similarity has resulted in frequent misdiagnoses, particularly during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Many patients feel their symptoms are consistent with a cold or the flu, which can delay the necessary diagnosis and treatment. According to Hsu Li Yang, an infectious diseases specialist in Singapore, HMPV poses a greater risk to individuals with compromised immune systems, including the elderly and those with advanced cancer. If infected, a "small but significant proportion" of vulnerable individuals may develop more severe disease affecting the lungs, characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and symptoms of croup. 

"Many will require hospital care, with a smaller proportion at risk of dying from the infection," Dr. Hsu stated. 

Although researchers are still investigating the exact transmission mechanisms of HMPV, it is believed to spread similarly to other respiratory viruses. To reduce its spread, experts recommend practicing good hygiene, which includes washing hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, covering your mouth and nose with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing, wearing a mask, keeping distance from those who are evidently ill, staying home when sick to prevent infecting others, and most importantly, visiting the doctor regularly to maintain health. 

*Hospitals filled with patients with Human Metapneumovirus in China